中国非营利评论(第21卷/2018/No.1)
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五 结语

无论是众筹、公益创投、社会影响力投资,或者社会效益债券,其性质皆属于社会投资的一环。社会投资乃是一种超越慈善募款的策略性选择,而社会投资的前提在于“不损害”(do no harm)原有组织的筹资活动,如投资不得损及慈善捐赠或政府补助款之机会(Grant, 2012: 77-78)。然必须理解的是,凡投资必然存在风险,由于社会企业对于风险容忍度较低的影响,致使其对于采纳社会投资筹资方式的态度趋向保守而有限。

从调查数据发现,众筹与公益创投在认知与采纳的调查数据中皆较高,但清楚度与采纳的比例则是社会影响力投资较高,显示受访者对于众筹及公益创投虽然较熟悉,但因为众筹与公益创投兼具捐赠与获利两种样态,致使社会企业对投资人之角色定位容易产生疑虑,故采纳比例反而不如社会影响力投资,复以社企登录与筹资策略无统计上的显著差异,代表台湾地区社会企业规范化仍有不足。

若依据OECD(2015)组织生命周期的观点,台湾地区社会企业仍属于新创期,此发现亦符合本文对于筹资策略的观察,即社会企业筹资策略深受生命周期的影响,故多数社会企业对于属于新创期的众筹及公益创投认知程度较高。基此,本文认为未来宜依据图5,从社会企业生命周期思考筹资策略的框架。

首先,社会企业在新创期受到许多关注与支持,在“4F”之中,投资人的角色愈加吃重,无论是捐赠或非货币性质的众筹,或创业竞赛奖金,或者政府投资基金的介入,甚至是具备“投资转捐赠”性质的公益创投,皆可发现社会企业受到多方的支持。较特别的是,公益创投更关心如何协助社会企业度过新创期所面临之“死亡幽谷”,避免社会企业因收支失衡而退场。

其次,当社会企业逐渐茁壮时,为扩大社会影响力,则必须面对规模化的挑战,此时社会影响力投资及股权众筹便可适时介入。必须注意的是,此时社会企业被视为投资目标,虽然可以允许较低的利润,但与新创期的捐赠性质不同,此阶段的投资人已非“投资转捐赠”性质的天使投资人,更类似风险投资人。值得关注之点为,新创期投资人提供种子基金,为社会企业奠定基础,但该时期或许获利不高,一旦新创期投资人退场,风险投资人进入后,就容易产生“收割”前期努力之疑虑,致使社会企业难以提出合理的投资报酬计算方式,以说服不同阶段之投资人,而使投资人踌躇不前。

最后,一旦社会企业迈入成熟期,就有机会与政府合作化解社会问题,故社会效益债券往往必须是规模较大的社会企业才能参与。台湾地区社会企业成熟度仍不足,故推广社会效益债券目前在台湾地区仍属不易。

近年来两岸皆投入大量资源支持社会企业发展,虽强调自我造血或社会创新理念,却仍不免产生资源依赖的疑虑。就政策角度而言,提供一个宽松的政策环境,透过市场机制自我筛选,或许更有利于社会企业的健全发展。若观察社会企业的发展脉络,受到新公共管理与新公共治理的双重激荡,一方面,各国政府提供相对应的政策配套,鼓励社会企业的发展;另一方面,社会企业更易吸引许多较关心社会价值实践的“非典型”投资人,这些投资人不以追求最大获利为目的。故本文认为应该回归社会企业的生命周期,依据社会企业本身条件发展阶段,导入合适的社会投资策略,据以建构可持续的商业模式;而对于社会企业的发展,需要更多的时间酝酿与成长,耐心等待社会企业的成熟,才不至于揠苗助长。


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